Nanowire solar cells raise efficiency limit

Mar. 24, 2013 ? Scientists from the Nano-Science Center at the Niels Bohr Institut, Denmark and the Ecole Polytechnique F?d?rale de Lausanne, Switzerland, have shown that a single nanowire can concentrate the sunlight up to 15 times of the normal sun light intensity. The results are surprising and the potential for developing a new type of highly efficient solar cells is great.

Due to some unique physical light absorption properties of nanowires, the limit of how much energy we can utilize from the sun's rays is higher than previous believed. These results demonstrate the great potential of development of nanowire-based solar cells, says PhD Peter Krogstrup on the surprising discovery that is described in the journal Nature Photonics.

The research groups have during recent years studied how to develop and improve the quality of the nanowire crystals, which is a cylindrical structure with a diameter of about 10,000 part of a human hair. The nanowires are predicted to have great potential in the development not only of solar cells, but also of future quantum computers and other electronic products.

It turns out that the nanowires naturally concentrate the sun's rays into a very small area in the crystal by up to a factor 15. Because the diameter of a nanowire crystal is smaller than the wavelength of the light coming from the sun it can cause resonances in the intensity of light in and around nanowires. Thus, the resonances can give a concentrated sunlight, where the energy is converted, which can be used to give a higher conversion effeciency of the sun's energy, says Peter Krogstrup, who with this discovery contributes to that the research in solar cell technology based on nanowires get a real boost.

New efficiency limit

The typical efficiency limit -- the so-called "Shockley-Queisser Limit" -- is a limit, which for many years has been a landmark for solar cells efficiency among researchers, but now it seems that it may be increased.

It's exciting as a researcher to move the theoretical limits, as we know. Although it does not sound like much, that the limit is moved by only a few percent, it will have a major impact on the development of solar cells, exploitation of nanowire solar rays and perhaps the extraction of energy at international level. However, it will take some years years before production of solar cells consisting of nanowires becomes a reality, says Peter Krogstrup who just completed his PhD at the Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen.

The research is conducted in collaboration with the Laboratory des Mat?riaux Semiconducteurs, Ecole Polytechnique F?d?rale de Lausanne, the Foundation and the company SunFlake A / S. Their scientific findings work support results published in the journal Science in January. Here, a group of researchers from Lund, showed that the sun's rays was sucked into the nanowires due to the high amount of power that their solar cell produced.

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Copenhagen - Niels Bohr Institute, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal Reference:

1. Peter Krogstrup, Henrik Ingerslev J?rgensen, Martin Heiss, Olivier Demichel, Jeppe V. Holm, Martin Aagesen, Jesper Nygard, Anna Fontcuberta i Morral. Single-nanowire solar cells beyond the Shockley?Queisser limit. Nature Photonics, 2013; DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2013.32

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/matter_energy/technology/~3/GvlFiLzPecQ/130324152301.htm

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Do we need to track hours for pieceworkers? ? Business ...

Q. We are doing an internal review of our recordkeeping, and we realized that we track hours for our on-site transcriptionists but we have not been tracking the hours for our transcriptionists who work from home. The on-site employees are non?exempt and we pay them an hourly wage. However, the remote employees are paid piece rates?a certain rate for the number of words transcribed from dictation. Do we have to keep track of their hours?

A. Employers of pieceworkers must pay those employees minimum wage and overtime pay for work in excess of 40 hours a week. You must also keep accurate records of the employee?s piece-rate earnings. You must also keep records of the conditions and practices of employment for these employees.

Should the Department of Labor investigate your wage or overtime pay policies, you will need those records.

To determine whether a pieceworker has been paid minimum wage, you must determine the regular rate of pay. This may be computed in two ways for pieceworkers, but the most straightforward way is to divide the total weekly earnings by total weekly hours worked. If the employee worked hours in excess of 40 hours in a given week, you must compensate that individual at one and a half times the rate of the regular pay. ?

For example, if a pieceworker worked 50 hours and received $500 for his piecework that week, the regular rate of pay would be $10 an hour. Since the employer has already paid that individual the regular rate of pay, the employer need only pay the worker the additional half regular rate of pay for the 10 overtime hours. There??fore, the employer owes the employee an additional $50.

Regardless of how the regular rate of pay is calculated, the regulations are clear that the employee?s average hourly earnings for a workweek must not be less than the minimum hourly wage. You cannot pay a regular hourly wage below the minimum hourly wage and combine it with overtime pay to meet the minimum wage requirements. ?

To be safe, some employers provide their pieceworkers with a minimum hourly guarantee, such that if the piece??worker failed to receive minimum wage for the hours worked in a given workweek, the employer would pay that individual minimum wage for the hours worked. When the employee receives the minimum wage guarantee in a given week, the regular rate of pay for that week would be the minimum hourly guarantee, not the piece-rate basis.

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Amy DiElsi: Voices Around the World Creating Green Livelihoods

This post is part of the Global Mom Relay. Every time you share this blog, $5 will go to women and girls around the world. Scroll to the bottom to find out more.

Today's Global Mom Relay post comes to you from around the world. Members of India's Self Employed Women's Association (SEWA), an organization of low-income self-employed women workers led by Reema Nanavaty, and Anna Ingwe who manages a clean cookstoves implementation project in Kenya. Their voices are joined together to support clean cooking initiatives to change lives through greener energy solutions and help women become more self-reliant. (Image: Anna Ingwe, left. Reema Nanavat, right)

"My cookstove is my pride and has provided me with respect" -- Shardaben from Manpura village, India.

Reema, what does SEWA do and why are clean cooking initiatives so important?

Reema Nanavaty: SEWA's members are women who earn a living through their own labor or small businesses, do not get regular salaried employment with welfare benefits and are the unprotected labor force of India.

For over 40 years, SEWA has been working with its rural members to help them improve their livelihood through various initiatives in technical training, micro-credit, market linkages and natural resource management, across a number of trades. Today, SEWA has a membership of 1.73 million women across 12 states, mostly from rural India.

We learnt that members' livelihoods are closely linked to sources and uses of energy for cooking. Most use a three-stone cook stove. The fuel is generally wood supplemented with cow dung, leaves and paper, and the fire is usually started with a cup of kerosene. An average household will use about 10 kg of wood every day for cooking. The woman of the house forages for that cooking fuel. The wood is usually plucked off the trees, causing new cuts/scrapes/scratches every day, as well as deforestation; the women have to walk five kilometers (3.1 miles) once every two days, carrying 20 kilograms (44lbs) of fuel every time. Further, because it burns the fuel inefficiently, cooking this way generates toxic smoke in large quantities, causing indoor air pollution and leading to health problems like early cataracts, respiratory disease and 1 million deaths every year in India. The three-stone cook stove is used by two thirds of India's households.

Photo credit: Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves

We wanted to provide our members with efficient cook stoves that use less wood, emit no smoke and take less time to cook.

However, most of our women members are below poverty line with average incomes of approx. U.S. $40 per month, and cannot afford to buy an efficient cook stove (costing U.S. $55). So we created "Hariyali" - which means enabling Livelihoods using Green Energy. Project Hariyali has raised US $ 4.5 million in loans to fund the purchase of clean cook stoves to then resell to our members. 200,000 Improved Cook Stoves have been distributed to SEWA members who then repay us in installments.

What have been some of the reactions of your members to changing the way they cook?

"As poor people we cannot afford improved cook stoves ... it is a luxury for us, but SEWA provided me the opportunity to access a clean and efficient cook stove on installments. I am the first one in my village to buy it, and because it emits no smoke, my family will not fall ill as often and we will save money on medicine. When I was 8 years old, I had to start helping my mother in collecting fuel and in cooking and had to drop out from school; but this stove cooks so fast that I can manage everything alone and do not need my daughter's help - she is able to study and will have a life better than I. My neighbors and fellow village residents have started looking at me with respect - my cookstove is my pride and has provided me with respect!" -- Shardaben from Manpura village of Anand district

"I always dreamed of having LPG gas in my kitchen, but could not afford it. However, now we have an 'improved' cook stove that performs similar to 'LPG gas', at an affordable installment. I am very happy with this efficient cookstove because it emits no smoke, we use less fuel, and it cooks our food fast so we can spend our free time with our families and on our livelihood. And it is so safe that even children can use it without getting burns like I have got from the old (3 stone) cook stove." -- Manjulaben form Kaiyal village of Mehsana

"My zilla (district) has very few trees, so we have to purchase fuel. As a poor person I was spending up to a third of my income on purchase of cooking fuel. This strained my ability to provide our basic necessities. Now we have efficient cook stove that saves money on fuel, and I can now give two full meals to my family and send my children to school. I wish everyone should be able to buy this stove and improve their lives." -- Kamlaben from Rasnol village of Anand district

Anna, how has becoming a mother changed your outlook on your work providing access to improved cookstoves?

Anna Ingwe: EnDev Kenya supports access to modern cooking energy by promoting the sustainable production, marketing, installation and use of improved cooking stoves. These stoves can save 40-60 percent of firewood compared with traditional three-stone-fires.

This picture is taken in a village around Lake Turkana, in Kenya. Can you imagine how a mother in this village manages to make a meal for her family? It can take 8-10 hours for a return trip to go collect firewood. We can make a fundamental difference in her life if she can access a clean cook stove.

I never knew how much a mother means to her family until I had my own daughter Lisa. She has taught me that motherhood goes beyond the call of duty. She has taught me to love, to care, to be patience, to be selfless. I see that everyday of the lives of the thousands of mothers I work with in Kenya, as we work together to give families meaningful and healthy solutions.

Each time you share this Global Mom Relay piece on Facebook, Twitter, or Email, or donate $5 or more through clicking on the above graphic, a $5 donation (up to $62,500 per week or $125,000 every two weeks) will be donated by Johnson & Johnson and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to Girl Up. Join us by sharing it forward and unlock the potential for women and children around the globe. For more information, visit www.unfoundation.org/globalmomrelay. The United Nations Foundation, Johnson & Johnson, BabyCenter, The Huffington Post, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation created the Global Mom Relay, a first-of-its-kind virtual relay with a goal of improving the lives of women and children around the globe.

Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/amy-dielsi/self-employed-womens-association_b_2937089.html

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Hoosiers owed $18M in uncollected insurance benefits - Fox 59 News

Thousands of Hoosiers could be getting money they never knew they had.

The attorney general said his office has recovered $18 million in uncollected insurance benefits.

The money comes from some of the nation?s largest insurance providers.

It all belongs to Hoosiers who may have misplaced a policy or who didn?t even know they were listed as a beneficiary.

You can see if you?re on the list by checking out Indiana Unclaimed.

Source: http://fox59.com/2013/03/22/hoosiers-owed-18m-in-uncollected-insurance-benefits/

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Analysis: Obama scores unexpected successes on Middle East trip

By Crispian Balmer

JERUSALEM (Reuters) - U.S. President Barack Obama flew out of Israel in a duststorm on Friday, leaving behind a trail of symbolic gestures and fine oratory that should help preserve the status quo at a time of regional upheaval.

In an unexpected diplomatic flourish, he also facilitated a surprise telephone call between the prime ministers of Israel and Turkey, putting two U.S. allies firmly on track to revive a once close relationship that had become badly frayed.

Obama set such low expectations for the three-day trip that he can easily proclaim it is mission accomplished, having wooed skeptical Israelis, eased their fears over Iran and shown Palestinians that he had not forgotten their aspirations.

True, many Palestinians remained disillusioned, feeling that Obama had buckled to Israeli pressure and backtracked from his previous demands for a halt to Jewish settlement building in the occupied West Bank on land they want for a future state.

But after a bruising first term of failed Middle East diplomacy, Obama's prime concern seems to be that the situation does not get any worse, while keeping alive slender hopes that a comprehensive Israeli-Palestinian peace deal is still possible.

"This visit marks a resumption of American attention to the conflict, which is very important after two years of utter absence from the scene," said Ghassan al-Khatib, an academic and a former Palestinian government spokesman.

"It probably won't lead to any new negotiations, which in any case would be meaningless given the huge gulf between the two sides. But it might bring some accountability to the Israelis."

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu appeared highly satisfied by the public show of joviality displayed by Obama during their meetings, dispelling the frosty scowls and sniping that marked encounters over the previous four years.

"The atmosphere was much better than in all their meetings before," said a senior Israeli official. "He gave the impression that he really wanted to start afresh," he said of Obama.

IRAN CONNECTIONS

Obama has already spent more time talking to Netanyahu than to any other world leader, according to the White House, and the pair put several more hours on the clock through this week.

Iran topped their initial agenda, aides said, with Obama seeking to build mutual trust and convince Israel that he was serious when he said he would not let Iran get nuclear weapons.

As a joint news conference on Wednesday, Netanyahu repeated that Israel had a right to defend its own national interests, but added that he was "absolutely convinced" Obama meant what he said - a strong statement seen as significant by some analysts.

"Now I think there is almost complete understanding between Israel and the United States on the Iranian issue," said Amotz Asa-El, fellow at the Shalom Hartman Institute in Jerusalem.

"Specifically, they are waiting to see if the June election in Iran ignites some kind of social upheaval, a prospect that both Washington and Jerusalem obviously prefer," he added, referring to a mid-year presidential poll.

Israel and Western powers believe Iran is looking to prepare a nuclear arsenal - something Tehran denies, while defending its right to enrich uranium for civil uses. Netanyahu has set a "red line" across Iran's progress on enrichment, which he has said could be crossed in the spring or summer - hinting at unilateral military action unless the Islamic republic backs down.

Giora Eiland, a retired general and former Israeli national security adviser, said the prospect of such an attack was receding: "I think that the option still exists," he said, "But that every day that passes lowers its chances of success."

Reflecting Israel's isolation in a largely hostile region, Obama engineered a call between Netanyahu and his Turkish counterpart on Friday, enabling the two U.S. allies to overcome a diplomatic crisis sparked by the deaths of nine Turks in 2010 during an Israeli commando raid off the Gaza Strip.

The move to normalize relations with a NATO member state that was one of its few Muslim friends in the region could help coordination to contain spillover from the Syrian civil war.

"Given what we see in the Middle East, we see a situation in which our relations with Turkey can be very, very important for the future, regarding what happens with Syria, but not just what happens with Syria," said a source in Netanyahu's office.

PALESTINIAN STALEMATE

Yet if the tensions with Turkey unexpectedly eased, Obama's visit did little to raise hopes that the decades-old Israeli-Palestinian conflict was any nearer resolution.

Going over the heads of Israeli leaders, who have questioned whether they have a viable negotiating partner on the other side of the separation barrier that twists through the West Bank, Obama appealed directly to ordinary citizens to push for change.

In a powerful speech to appreciative students, the U.S. president warned on Thursday that the Jewish state risked growing international isolation without a peace accord.

However, he did not bring any proposals on how to resume negotiations, which broke down in 2010, and he backed away from a previous demand for Israel to end settlement building, simply calling the construction an impediment to peace.

He promised that his new secretary of state, John Kerry, would dedicate much time and energy to the problem, but many Israelis saw his comments as a sign Washington would distance itself from a diplomatic quagmire familiar to his predecessors.

"The era when the USA pushed Israel and the Palestinians into a political process is gone," said Gidi Grinstein, president of the Reut Institute, a Tel Aviv-based think tank.

"In the absence of American vision and strategy, considering Obama's priorities and with the present positions of Israel and the Palestinians, the USA is basically saying: 'You call us. We won't call you'," he added.

Although Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas welcomed Obama's speech, some of his political allies were more damning.

"Obama's visit provides no clear way forward for a serious solution to the conflict," said Wasel Abu Yousef of the Palestine Liberation Organisation. "It seems the U.S. is not interested in solving the conflict, but rather managing it."

(Additional reporting by Dan Williams and Noah Browning; Editing by Alastair Macdonald)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/analysis-obama-scores-unexpected-successes-middle-east-trip-165559853.html

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3 dead, including suspect, in Marine base shooting

QUANTICO, Va. (AP) ? A Marine who worked at an officer candidates school fatally shot two colleagues, a man and a woman, before killing himself in a barracks dorm room, officials said.

Military officials did not release a motive or the identities of those slain. Authorities were called at the Marine Corps Base Quantico in northern Virginia around 10:30 p.m. Thursday and found one Marine dead in the barracks, base commander Col. David W. Maxwell said. A second victim was found elsewhere in Taylor Hall and the body of the gunman was also located there.

It wasn't immediately clear how much time passed between the killings or how far apart the bodies were found.

Only staff for the school live in Taylor Hall, a red brick building on the base that can house about 110 Marines. The officer candidates live elsewhere.

The base was put on lockdown after the first shooting and Marines and their families were told to stay inside over a loudspeaker known as the Giant Voice. The lockdown was lifted early Friday.

Officials said all three Marines were staff members at the school, but their jobs were not released. Base spokesman Lt. Agustin Solivan said everyone else was safe, including the officer candidates.

The shooting is the second tragedy the Marine Corps has faced this week. Seven members of the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Force were killed Monday when a mortar shell exploded in its firing tube during an exercise at Hawthorne Army Depot in Nevada. Eight others were injured.

Pentagon press secretary George Little said Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel was saddened to learn of the shooting.

"This tragedy, as well as the tragedy in Nevada earlier this week, took the lives of Marines who volunteered to serve their nation," Little said. "His heart and his prayers are with them and their families."

The sprawling Quantico base, which is 37 miles south of Washington, is also home to the FBI's training academy.

The officer candidates school's 10-week program trains Marines in the classroom and uses endurance hikes and obstacle courses to evaluate leadership potential. Candidates must also demonstrate a grasp of battlefield-tested leadership traits, the Marine Corps website said.

When they graduate, the Marines become second lieutenants.

In 2010, the Quantico base was one of several targets of an ex-Marine reservist who, during five nighttime shootings, fired on military targets including the Pentagon. Yonathan Melaku, on two separate occasions, fired at the National Museum of the Marine Corps in Quantico. No one was injured and Melaku was sentenced to 25 years in prison.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/3-dead-including-suspect-marine-shooting-073431912.html

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Does it matter who runs US drone program? Pentagon could supplant CIA.

A news report suggests that authority for the US drone program could shift from the CIA to the Pentagon. Critics hope that would open it to more oversight from Congress and citizens.

By Anna Mulrine,?Staff writer / March 20, 2013

An airman hooks up a RQ-4B Global Hawk to a tow bar as a maintenance crew performs post-flight checks at Beale Air Force Base in Yuba County, Calif., in this file photo.

Chris Kaufman/Appeal-Democrat/AP/File

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The growing speculation that the White House is preparing to shift its secretive drone program from the Central Intelligence Agency to the Pentagon is raising new questions about just how much more transparency this move would portend.

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The hope among critics is that this change would allow greater oversight by Congress ? and, by extension, the American public ? of America?s targeted killing program.

That could be true, experts say. Congress is generally more successful in bringing the Pentagon to heel through budget threats than is the CIA. Moreover, the Pentagon is subject to citizen Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests.?

But elements within the Pentagon are just as secretive ? if not more so ? than the CIA, meaning critics might not get the degree of openness they might want.

?Whether transparency increases really depends on who at the DoD [Department of Defense] the program goes to,? says Jennifer Rowland, program associate with the National Security Studies program at the New America Foundation.

Sen. John McCain (R) of Arizona, a longtime member of the Senate Armed Services Committee, is pushing for the drone program to change addresses.

?Since when is the intelligence agency supposed to be an Air Force of drones that goes around killing people? I believe that?s a job for the Department of Defense,? he said on FOX News recently.

?What we really need to do is take this whole program out of the hands of the Central Intelligence Agency and put it into the Department of Defense, where you have adequate oversight, you have committee oversight, you have all the things that are built in as our oversight of the Department of Defense.?

But some analysts question whether the move to the Pentagon would truly increase oversight.

?That shift in-and-of-itself does not necessarily create more transparency,? says Benjamin Friedman, a research fellow in defense and homeland security studies at the CATO Institute, a libertarian think thank.

In his article for the Daily Beast that broke the news of the reported shift Wednesday, Daniel Klaidman points out that the Pentagon may choose to place responsibility for the drone program with Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC), which is responsible for the Navy?s SEAL Team 6, Delta Force, and other equally secretive US military strike forces.

JSOC may be less willing to share information about these strikes than is the CIA. And while the CIA is obligated to report certain actions it takes ? including targeted killings ? to Congress, JSOC is not.

?JSOC really has different rules than the rest of the Pentagon,? says Ms. Rowland of the New America Foundation.

That said, it is far easier for American citizens to compel the Pentagon to share data through FOIAs, Rowland points out. ?The DoD may not be legally bound to provide certain data to Congress, but they are legally bound to provide it to the American public.?

And should the program shift to the Pentagon, the congressional committees that oversee it could have more points of leverage. In particular, the armed services committee controls the purse strings for the DoD.

This means that the House and Senate Armed Services Committees could strong-arm the Pentagon to share information. The intelligence committees, by contrast, could compel the CIA to do relatively little, Friedman argues.

?In the end, where these formal powers reside may be less important than the fact that the armed services committee authorizers make budget decisions, so they have more pull to get what they want,? says Mr. Friedman of CATO.

Most vital is that this potential move could spark a deeper conversation among lawmakers and the American public about secretive programs that warrant far more oversight than they have been getting, analysts say.

?To me, the main thing is less whether the drone program is run by the CIA or JSOC, but rather whether Congress is asserting its power to contain and check the executive branch when it comes strikes overseas,? Friedman says.

?Rand Paul said it pretty well in his 13-hour filibuster: ?We shouldn?t be asking the president for memos on drone strikes, we should be giving him memos,? ? referring to congressional demands for a legal justification of the Obama administration?s targeted killing program.

The ?murky? process for managing the program, Friedman adds, has proven ?woefully insufficient and has been abused massively by the executive branch to do what they want to as long as they say the magic word ?terrorism.? ?

Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/feeds/csm/~3/EHBRVI2yMLk/Does-it-matter-who-runs-US-drone-program-Pentagon-could-supplant-CIA

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